Art of making types and type-bars.



F. H. RICHARDS. ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE BARS;

; APPLIOATIOK FILED FEB. 12, 1907.

919,223. Patented Apr. 20, 1909.1

5 SHEETS-SHEET 1;

I PLHLRIcH RDsL ART or'nmm urns AND TYPE BABHS.

APRILIOIA'TIOI rump 11:11.12, 1901 919,223, v Patented Apr.20, 1909.

gamma-sum 2.

' Mtnesses I 4 I I bemor P. H. RICHARDS. ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPEBARS.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. 12, 1907.

Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

Ewehfor:

00-, WASHINBM, n. c.

Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

l at/1x223.- j ?%ventor:

RICH

ARD

S AND D mm.

F AKING IOATIoN Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

5 sums-SHEET 5.

UNITED STATES PATENT @FFICE.

FRANCIS I-I. RICHARDS, OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT.

ART OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE-BARS.

No.9i9,22s.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, FRANCIS H. RICHARDS, a citizen of the United States,residing at Hartford, in the county of Hartford and State ofConnecticut, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in theArt of Making Typesand Type-Bars, of which the following is aspecification, and which is the same as my allowed application SerialNo. 212,952, filed June 17, 1904, so that this ap plication is thereforea continuation thereof, and which said first application is a renewal ofapplication Serial No. 57,934, filed April 29, 1901.

This invention relates to the art of making types and typebars in thecold, that is, from type-formable material in the solid condition asdistinguished from a fluid state, at tained by the application of heatother than that arising by virtue of or which may be generated by theoperations to which the material is subjected and pertains moreparticularly to the manner in which flowage of material along apreformed path of least resistance is effected for permitting aprolongation of activity in the mass of material being acted upon; andto effecting the shifting of the types endwise of the blank during thecross rolling or working movement of the die relative to the blank, andpertains also to the forming of a longitudinal extension on each typeand to the manner in which flowage of material longitudinally of the baris effected for forming an integral extension of the type and permittinga prolongation of activity in the mass of material being acted upon, andto effecting flowage laterally for working surplus material outwardalong a predetermined path and forming a surface with which the materialis brought into contact during the type forming operation.

Many efforts have been made to produce from a mass of type-formablematerial by the action of a die, a type suitable for use in and whichwould satisfactorily meet the requirements of the typographic art, inpoint especially of sharp definition and durability, and to combine anumber of such types so formed into a line of composed types, or typefaces, in the endeavor to produce a typebar that would satisfy thedemands of the art for successful commercial application.

In carrying out my present invention I avoid the 1 necessity ofsetting-off the typeblocks before the dies are brought into ac-Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed February 12, 1907.

Patented April 20, 1909.

Serial No. 356,975.

7 tion, and I subject each type-formable ortion of the blank to re eatedactions, w ich for the purpose of pro ucing symmetricallyformed types,are preferably alternated from side to side of the mass. These repeatedactions result in thegradual reduction of the type-block to shape andare of such character that they operate to strengthen and finish thebase portions of the block where the latter connects with the body ofthe blank and to condense and compact the impression and other faces ofthe type besides operating to satisfactorily fill the angular portionsand hair-line spaces of the die cavity. The excess or surplus materialis forced or caused to flow laterally or crosswise of the blank, thatis, in a direction away from an adjacent type, and for the purpose ofmore effectually protecting this type from the action of the workingdie, I preferably utilize a retaining wall at the side of the die forthepurpose of confining Elie material and controlling its direction ofThe less the ma nitude of the formative stresses of the die during itsoperation upon the metal to form a type, the less manifestly will be thetendency to displace or distort adjacent finished types or surfaces.More over, it is clear that the flowage induced by the advancing diewill naturally be along the line of least resistance. In thisconnection, also, is to be borne in mind the fact that some of the typesused for forming the various characters of ordinary composition are morereadily formed than others, that is, less work is performed by the diesin producing certain types than in producing others. In forming types,in other words, the material will need to be subjected toa less numberof operations in some instances than others,

depending upon the articular type which is to be produced, and i thetype-forming operation is, carried beyond the stage in which thematerial has assumed the condition of a finished type the tendency ofthe stresses induced by further action of the die is to mar or distortthe type within the die cavity. The line also, of least resistance toflowage of metal in the die, may be, and almost invariably is, in adirection such that this'movement results in the tipping or displacementof the adjacent type. That is to say, in an organized system of formingcomposed types along a typebar, in which the various elements or factorsinvolved in the type-formrearward of each type when this is made.

\vorddelated type-block last made, where ing operation, for example, theamount of l feed movement of the die and blank toward each other, theconcurrent subsidiary motion, if there be such, the amount of surplusmaterial to be removed by the die, etc, are not adapted to eachindividual type to be formed, the resuh is an unsatisfactory typebar andone ill-titted to meet the demands of the art.

One of the principal features characterizing the present inventioninvolves the inducem'ent of flowage arising from the typeformativestresses of the die along a predetermined and preformed line or path ofleast resistance, which, by its presence,serves to protect the typeadjacent to the working die, and by the facility wl'iich it otters fortl e movement of the material, permits the die to be operated beyond thefinal stage in which he material has assumed the condition of a finishedtype, without marring such type, whereby the steps in the varioustype-forming operations may be the same in amount and kind for theentire series of dies. In practice, moreover, it is found desirableunder some circumstances, to have the types relatively high at thosesides adjacent to the sides of the bar. One object of this is to permitthe wax, papier i'nache, or other material used in the electrotyping orstereotyping process to come down over the row of type a considerabledistance so as to form a relatively deep channel between the successiverows or lines of type when the typebars are assembled. It is, however,objectionable, and especially so in this kind of work to have the typesmidway of the width of the bar as high as they are at the sides of thebar: In other words, it is found desirable in order to provide forperfect working, under various conditions, to have the spaces betweenthe types of a relatively shallow depth midwayi oi' the bar and ofrelatively greater depth as they approach the sides of the latter. Tothis end provision exists in carrying outmy: present method for fillingthe space to the In the manufacture, according to the present invention,of the successive word-related types of a line of type or of a typebar,when each die is first applied to its proper portion of the blank, thearea of the stock measured transverse to the axis of the die cavity andwhich enters the latter, is somewhat less than the corresponding area ofthe cavity at the mouth of the die. The space in the die thus emptyinitially, is ultimately filled as the working progresses; during thisoperation the stock is shifted backward in the direction of length ofthe bar or blank, the type-block finally formed overlapping the thelatter integrally connects with the stock of the bar or blank.

In the drawings accompanying this speck.

fication, Figure and Fig. 2 are, respectively, a plan and side elevationrepresentin a ty pebar made chi-ding to my )resent invention and bet wen the consecutive types of which there no raised formation provided.Fig. 3 is a side elevation of portion of a plank and a die-carrier orwheel and shows a blankfeeding wedge and its cor'iperating element, thedies being adapted to produce, and the closely associated types having,in this figure and the figures u 3 to and includin 16, an intier-mediateraised formation. Fig. 4 is a face view of the diewhcel shown in Fig. 3with the blank and working-die shown in se tion (the feeding wedge isomitted in this figure and the figure ind es, also, a mountii for theblank suscept e of being oscillated, whereby oscillatory movement may beimparted to the blank). 5 is a side elevation of a portion of a bla'showing a portion of its edge provided with types and illustrates insertion the action of the die in forming a tyne, the scale this figureand the following two figures being considerably larger than thesca e towhich Figs. 1 and 2 are drawn. Figs. 6 and 7 are partly elevational andpartly sectional views representing the relative position of the c andthe blank during the type-forming operation, the former figure showingthe relative position of the blank :2 c. the die at the beginning ofthis operation and the latter figure the corresponding position theclose. a

each represent a ortion of the edge of a blank provided with a finishedtype and 8,9 and shows the relation between the lie and. the blank, bothbeing shown partly in section and partly in elevation, at certain stagesduring the production of a type on the section of the edge adjacent tothe completed type Figs. 8 and 10 illustrate, respectively, theron'imencement and completion of the operation, and Fi an intermediatestage; these figures are drawn upon greatly on larged scale as comparedwith actual dimensions for the purpose of more clearly illustrating theoperation. Figs. 11 and l2 are, respectively, plan and clevational viewsdrawn to the same se ale as Figs. 8, and 10, illustrata portion-of ablank provided 'ith types and represent the type-formed portion'of theblank as it exists prior to the trimming of the surplus material forcedbeyond the sides of the blank during the production of the types.

condition above the typographic level of the typebar. Figs. 14, 15 and16 are views similar to Figs. 11, 12 and 13, respectively, and

drawn to the same scale but illustrate a t e having a supporting columnor block connecting with the body or stock of the blank, which isnarrower than the corresponding feature represented in the latterfigures, the type here indicated requiring a different amount of work onthe part of the die for its formation, that is, the type is brought to afinished condition at a different depth in the blank than the typeindicated in Figs. 11, 12 and 13; the form of die operating to work theedge of the blank into the form and appearance indicated in a generalway in Figs. 8 to 16, inclusive, is represented in Fig. 3 and cer tainother figures of those already described. Figs. 17 and 18 are viewssimilar to Figs. 11 and 12, respectively, and drawn upon the same scale,but show types which are formed by dies operating to produce a somewhatdifferent formation between the consecutive types than is set forth inFigs. 11 and 12, the intermediate formation. being in this instance likethat represented in Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 19 is a vertical, longitudinal,median section of the blank as indicated in Fig. 18 and on the samescale as that to which that figure is drawn. Figs. 20, 21 and 22 areviews upon the same scale as that to which Figs. 5, 6 and 7 are drawnand represent a die adapted to produce a type and a formation betweenconsecutive types similar to that indicated in Figs. 17, 18 and 19. Fig.23, is a plan upon a somewhat smaller scale than that to which Figs. 5,6 and 7 are drawn and re resents a portion of a typebar-blank provic edwith a number of finis ed types and sets forth in a conventional way apair of cutting instruments designed for the trimming of the blank orbar made therefrom to remove surplus material from the sides thereof.

Similar characters of reference designate corresponding parts in all thefigures of the drawings.

In carrying out my present improvements, the type, it may be stated in ageneral way, results from the operation of a suitable typeforming dieupon a blank forced one against the other to cause the penetration ofthe latter by the die. The blank designated in a general way throughoutthe present specification and drawings by B may be of any materialsuitable for the purpose, as, for instance, type-metal of appropriatecomposition, brought into the requisite or desired shape in somesuitable way as by casting, rolling or otherwise. I have found, however,that a process for so operating upon the material as to produce asubstantially wrought blank as distinguished from a condition resultingfrom the casting of the same to shape, or at least a blank having thatportion of those portions wrought which are concerned in the formationof the several typeblocks, is best suited to the carrying out of thepresent improvements. Moreover, the blank upon which types are to beformed may be a continuous ribbon or rod, or it may be in the form of aseparate piece of a length equal, approximately, to the length of thefinished typebar.

In effecting the penetration of the material of the blank by the die itis immaterial Whether the movement, which I may d esignate as atransverse feeding movement, is imparted to the blank or die or to both,but I find it convenient to feed the blank against the die and haverepresented in a general way in Fig. 8 a feed element for imparting suchtransverse movement to the blank for the purposes of the presentdescription. The particular element there set forth consists of a wedgew, shifted to and fro suitable means, and upon which the blank B issupported and which cooperates with an incline 10 to raise or lower theblank. This rectilinearmovement of the blank and die toward each otheris not the only movement utilized in carrying out my present inventionfor facilitating the filling of the die cavity for disposing of theexcess or surplus material separated or sheared from the type-blockduring the typ e-formation, and for producing a compact and condensed.condition of the various surfaces, but in combination with this movementthere is a subsidiary motion imparted to one or both members whichoperates to produce a type gradually and by a series of reductions andto accomplish a coincident working-out of the excess material.

In forming a type upon a blank at such a distance from an already formedand finished type as required by ordinary composition, the tendency ofthe formative stresses of the advancing die and the excess materialremoved from'the blank is to distort and displace the latter type, aresult invariably ensuing unless measures are taken to control themovement of such material and to lessen or control the effects of theformative stresses of the die and those which the flowage of m aterialtends to cause. This subsidiary movement, adverted to, operates inconjunction with the aforesaid transverse feeding movement to force theexcess material away from the adjacent type, that is, crosswise orlaterally of the blank, and for further protecting the already formedtype, I preferably use a wall or plate adapted to enter into thecomparatively narrow space between the finished type and the materialunder the working die where it is located during the typeformmgoperation, serving as a retaining surface against which the movingmaterial or fiowage is received and by which its motion is directed.Such wall, it is evident so far as the purposes it fulfils areconcerned, may be separate from the die and operated independentlythereof, but I find it convenient to attach it to the die and operatethe two as a unit. The foregoing subsidiary movement operating togradually form the type and work the excess material outwardtransversely or crosswise of the blank preferably l't rses in directionalternately, for the reason that such alterna ing motion is convenientof attainment and. is better adapted to prodiicc symmetrically formedtype. in otl r Words, a relative to and fro motion is imparted to themembers, the die and the blanlsr, dur' 1 period of typc-foriiiation, andfor tire produ tion of this relative motion l find it to v. lit tooscillate the blank by imparting a motion to a suitable vrorlrholder inwhich the blar is supijiorted. Good nits are attained in is character ofthe a e produced by in king this oscillatory motion talie place about afixed axis, although the resent inn cation is by no means limi ed in itsscope to an oscillation ab ut a 11 i 0 W... M 1'! mic aids, Us theosriilatioo ma be of a oilferent HQLUI'Q. I hav, represented in l i t ina coir-u'ciitional Way portion of a holder designated in general Way bl, having; a

ported, and

slot 7. in which the blanl; .l:- is through which it is az'lapted tomove under the action of the before mentioned Wedge to (which, with its006 incline 20 is not shown in this figure). This holds H is adapted tooscillated by some suitable means about an axis in line "with the direction of length o' the blank, defined, for instance, by a simportine'shaft or stnd indicated in a general v. i the circle 72?. The limits ofthe oscillatory movement of the holder l are also indicated in a generalWay in this re by the dotted lines at, flihe best posirion for thisoscillatory axis, as demonstrated by the quality of t we produced,appears to be just Within or immediately adjacent to What Will form theiixibression surface of the i type. lhe duration, rapidity, extc t, ofthese two movements, that the transverse feeding ment and the alermovement, and the relation of those varioi's characteristics to eachother, Well thy relation of the two specified inoveinsi'its one to theother, may be varied in any desired manner. The duration of theoscillatory i1 rement may be enibraced, for instair'e, within the limitsof the period duri which the members fed toward and against each other,but preferably the oscillation will cea jrst before the feedii'iovementterrain Furthermore, both movements may be -uniform throughout theirWhole duration, or either may b, varied, or they both be varied. "rl'ith respect to an a o inter-relation, l have found good results tofollow from the gradual redrctioii in s' d of the transverse feedingmovement during the later portion of such movement accompanied by aconcurrent oscillatory otion also decreasing in amplitude of vibrationduring the later" feeding movement.

The floivage induced by the type-forinative stresses of the Working dienaturally takes place along the line of least resistance, and thesestresses themselves have a detrimental effect, as already adverted to,upon a fin ished type Within the 'flowag'c radius of the forming type,for such sphere of disturbance extends ordinarily some distance beyondthe narrow space existing between the letters of a word words areordinarily composed, and spaced. Even though the Wall is provided at theside the die for the protection of a forms 1 ty e, considerable pressureis e:-: erted thereon by *1 metal under the compression of the Woring-die, and as this Wall must be comparatively thin owing to thecomparative narrowness of the space into which it is fed, it is liableto spring and iiieffeetually confine the metal ench e of the blanli.Furthermore, the formative stresses are liable to l transmitted underits lower edge, While in the attempt to preclude this, the Wall is madecomparatively deep, measured in line with the depth of the blank, and isadvanced into the edge of the latter to reach beyond the liov-Iageradius, since the wall musthave some Width, however small that may be,and the blank manifestly opposing some resistance to penetration, therearise stresses of greater or less magnitude tending to produce adistortion of a formed type or typeface. As before pointed out,moreover, some of the types used in the ty 'iographic art are morereadily formed than others, that is, are produced in a given mode ofdie-action by a. less amount of work on the part of the forming diewith. the type finished and the cavity of the die completely filledbefore the K die has advanced. into the blank to that er:- tent Winch isnecessary to term other types. Upon the further advancement of the dieof this early finished type, the type body Within the cavity must becarried bodily downward, creating a tendency to greater in the materialextending to greater distances than those due or incident to theformative action of the die during the process of "forming a typ Hence,though a type may be produced Without disturbing an adjacent type, uponthe attempt to sink the former type to the general level of the types onthe bar, there may result the distortion of a finished type face orfaces. If the type-forming movement is COHtlIiU-Qd during the depressionof the finished type-body, which will, in general, be the case, thiscontinued movement also tends to Work away or otherwise Wear theimpression face of the type. In any organized therefore, of forming asatisfactory series of types consecutively along the edge of a blankWhere individual type-blocks are not preliminarily treated to correspondto the particular types to be formed therefrom and the various steps andmotions incident to or required in the typeforming process are notadapted to the individual types, some provision or mode of op erationmust exist for nullifying the dist0rting tendencies of those dies whichcomplete their types above the common level ofthe types in the finishedtypebar.

One of the main features characterizing the present invention is theinducement of flowage along a predetermined and pre formed path orsurface of least resistance, whereby the formative and other stresses,in so far as they are concerned in building up and positioning atype-block surmounted by a finished face, occasions a movement along apath predetermined in position and interposing between the mass underthe working die and the adjacent type an element of protection for thelatter.

The type-forming instrumentalities or dies used in carrying the presentimprovements into effect are of suitable form and construction, and forthe purpose of reference herein, are designated in a general way by D.These dies D are, as represented in the drawings attached to the presentspecification, adapted for the formation of a type-block or column,designated generally by D, connected integrally with the stock of theblank B and surmounted by the impression face of the type (for so I mayterm the upper surface of the block of the requisite contour to yieldultimately the configuration of the desired printed character).

The several dies D may be adjusted and brought into proper relation tothe blank B, supported in the holder H by hand, or by mechanism, or byany other means operated or operating in any manner to attain therequisite sequence in the type composition. The dies, as an instance ofa device for their convenient manipulation, may be mounted upon theperiphery of a die-carrier, shown in the form of a wheel or disk anddesignated in a general way by X (see Figs. 3 and 4) whose shaft 0 isrotatably mounted upon an appropriate supporting carrier (not shown)which, as indicated in Fig. 4, may be a rotary carrier rotatable aboutan axis (not shown). The progressive movement of this die-wheel X, as aselected die D thereon is brought into juxtaposition to the edge of theblank, is indicated in a diagrammatic way by the dotted circleand arcs,with the die represented in dotted outline (Fig. 4) from which it isapparent that, assuming the various parts to be as above set forth, thedie moves along a path which is of the nature of a cycloid. In Figs. 5to 20 the die is shown provided with a shank 2, which is adapted to fitinto a corresponding socket in the diewheel X, by which means the diemay be secured to the latter. It may be here stated that it is while thedie is in contact with the blank that the transverse feeding movementand oscillation of the blank takes place.

The previously-mentioned retaining wall operating'to confine themovement of the material endwise of the blank is, as set forth in thedrawings accompanying the present specification, made integral with thedie, that is, this wall and the die are made as a single operative tool,the wall being designated in Figs. 3 to 10, inclusive, and Fig. 13 by 3and Figs. 19 to 22, inclusive, by 3".

Now the action to which the material of the blank under the die issubjectedas a result of the oscillatory movement herein described whenthe blank is under the compression of the die may be described as arolling action. As the die advances into the material of the blank andthe latter is oscillated from side to side, more and more of thematerial is forced into the die cavity and subjected to the forging andswaging action of walls and faces of the cavity. More and more of thematerial necessary to build up and form the type-block, as the edges atthe outer portion of the die alternately bite afresh into the blank, isforced or squeezed upward into the die under the impact and pressure ofthe interior surfaces of the die as the relative inclination of thesesurfaces and the surfaces of the mass changes and by reason of theoscillatory movement the mate rial is forged and wrought to form whilethe faces at the bottom of the die cavity serve to swage the upperportion to shape. In other words, the action to which the material issubjected is one effecting a gradual reduction thereof, operating tocompact the material of the type body and render the surfaces smooth andunbroken and to connect them one with the other in a manner preciselyconforming to the bounding edges between the corresponding counter-facesof the die. Moreover, the forging operation results in strengthening theintegral connection of the block, with the stock of the blank. Duringthe oscillatory movement, also, extending first on one side and then onthe other, an outlet is created, by reason of the slight separation ofthe material from the faces of the die through which air confined in thelatter may escape and oil, grease, and other foreign matter be squeezedout, thus assisting in the production of an exact counter-part of thetype-forming die.

I find it convenient to remove that portion of the edge of the blank onopposite sides of the typeblock and under the working die,

and as also the material which lies betweenthe mass undergoing theforging operation and a contiguous type concurrently with the forming ofthe type-block and I utilize for this purpose the oscillatory motion ofthe die to gradually work such material outward laterally of the blank.The crosswise movement of this materiel is effectively accom plished bypresenting to the material at such points where movement or flow isrequired; that is, at the sides of the die and in the space between thefinished or continuous type and what will ultimately be the next type, aroletively-fixed surface or surfaces, which by pressure works thematerial under it outwardly by pressing on the same. Such surfaces, itis manifest, may be independent of the die, but for the sake ofconvenience they may be connected therewith, end ma y be, in. fact,formed by the surfaces of integll eX- tensions of the die body. T heyare here so represented, (see particularly l in l and 4 in Figs. 20 and22), the lower edge of the retaining wall, 3', 3, already mentionedserving to confine the materiel endwise of the blank, being; alsoutilized for displacing the material between the finished type and thetypeblock under process of formation. The action to which this excessmaterial is subjected and which operates to etfect this movementcrosswise of the blank, that is, in a direction in which it will notinterfere with a finished type, may evidently be described as a rollingone resulting in the rolling; toward the sides of the blank of theexcess and superabundent material. To facilitste this operation thevarious parts referred to may be somewhat curved, as shown in the present drawings.

l hile in actual practice the various operetions to which the materiel's suojected include those of forging, rolling, as set forth above, theyare carried on upon a somewhat minute scale (the amplitude ofoscilletion being designedly insufficient in extent to ei'lect anydetrimental alteration in the strength of the materiel) and thequuntities of materiel subjc ted to these operations likewisecomparatively small, yet, in so far as respects the character of theoperations and the nature of the results produced, they seem entirelyanalogous, if not identical with operations of a kindred sort conductedupon it much larger scale. The operations incident to the carrying outof my present invention, although d' mg in degree from the usuallyaccepted dennitions of such terms asforging, sweg ing, rolling etc,appear to be the same in kind whether such operations are performed onmessy material or upon the ed of a typebar-blank.

The direction of the aforementioned predetermined path or surface ofleast resistance is such to facilitate the flowag'e of the metal underthe rolling, swsging, forging and other operations to which it issubjected and these operations tend to move the motel laterally outwardtoward the sides of the blank this path or surface extends crosswise ofthe latter. under at least a portion of the metal subjected to thetype-formative action, and l Such surtece 18 also located find itconvenient to form successive sur feces along the blank for theconsecutive types simultaneously with the production of the types; (thatis, a surface is formed each time a type is produced) of a width, however, it may here be premised insufficient to weaken the integralconnection of the typeblock with the stock of the blank. This tlot'eg'epath or surface is made most adventsg eously .l find in advance of atype and by making the vertical cross space which will ultimatelyseparate the type-block, yet to be made and completed in edvence alongthe blank, from the type-block just finished or in process of completionsufficiently wide when first formed to enter into the field of the nexttype or character, that is to say, the aforesaid surface is most reedilyformed by melting the space the end of the last formed type wider thansuch space will actually be when the next consecutive type for makingthe next consecutive letter is formed. lt is obvious from the abovedescription that, in so far as the respective formation of the types andthe said spec es is concerned, each space may be formed independently ofor simultaneously with the formation of a type, and, furthermore, thatthese results may be at tsined by separate or independent tools ordevices. I find it convenient, however, to effect the formation of aspace simultaneously with the formation of a type and by a toolconnected to the type-forming die, and have shown in the various figuresspaceiOllllllll; die in the form of a plate designated in a general wayby 5, on that side of the die nearest the unoperated-upon portion of theedge of the blank, and which is thicker than the described retainingwell. Evidently new when it selected die is brought over the blank toform type the retaining: wall, whose thickness determines the width ofthe space between the type-blocks, will not fill the slot made by thepiste 5 but will leave it space, which space will. be filled by the be:kwerd shifting of the materiel of the type-block until such movementlengthwise of the blenk is arrested by the retc' 1mg wall i and thesurface previously made by the lower edge of the plate, and exposed atthe edges of this well.

Referring now to F 8 to 16, inclus which illustrate presentmctlmd offorming consecutive composed types, involving the inducement oi flown-goalong a predetermined path or surface, these figures are drawn upon uvery considerably enlargz cd scale to magnify the various operationsinkin piece and more clearly set forth the steps lLfillVGtl. l? in someof these li :IPS 1dicstes, as before, it typed'ormingg; (he in operativeposition over the blank B, and B a finished type-block. As shown inthese figures, the lower edge of the retaining wall at the side of thedie cavity and integrally connected with the die is provided with arecess (see .9) the )urpose of which will be referred to presently Theplate 5 is also shown integral with the die and the extensions of boththe retaining wall and the plate at the sides of each mentioned surface4 4 and forming virtually a part thereof,-may project somewhat belowthese surfaces, if desired, as indicated in Figs. 20, 21 and 22, forinstance, to further depress the portions of the blank under them.

In all the elevational views the excess material rolled toward the sideof the blank and away from the typeblocks l) is represented by stipplingand designated by 7, while in the various plan views the same portions 7are indicated as bounded by uneven lines, the portions rolled off by theretaining wall and space-forming plate being also indicated anddesignated by 7 and 7 respectively. In Fig. 8 the parts are shown in aposition in which the die D has just come into contact with the blank B.It will be seen in this figure that there exists a space between theinncr face of the retaining wall and the vertical face of the wall E,formed by the space-forming plate 5 of the die which wrought theadjoining type into shape by reason of the rolling of the material whichpreviously occupied the space sidewise of the blank, the material forcedor caused to flow therefrom by the plates being indicated by 7 As thediesinks into the blank and the material is subj ected to the forging androlling action of the die faces and the rolling action of the faces 4 4,the material in the die cavity cants over shifting endwise of the blanktoward the adjacent finished type-block at the rear until those portionsadjacent to the bottom of the die-cavity restrained from further endwisemovement by the retaining wall, while the mass moves bodily more andmore lengthwise to overlap the surface at the bottom of the space, asindicated by E (see Fig. 9). Ultimately the mass beds upon this surface,as shown in Fig. 10, across which. sur face and laterally of the blankthe material as it is subjected to the pressure of the working die maymove more readily than in any other direction. The relative direction ofthe surface measured transversely to its line of length across the blankchanges somewhat owing to the pressure of the super-incumbent mass,assuming a direction eventually some what like that indicated in Fig.10. During the type-forming operation as indicated in Figs. 8, 9 and 10the space-forming plate connected to the die is simultaneously preparingthe surface along which flowage of material may take place during theformation of the next type, and in general the width of this surfacemeasured lengthwise of the blank will be determined by the width of theplate and such width is in practice made sufficient to decrease theresistance to flowage exerted by the mass to adequately protect theadjacent finished type-block, although not enough to weaken theconnection of the type-block with the stock of the blank to a degreewhich would render it incapable of resisting the crushing stresses towhich it will afterward be subjected when in use; As the edge of thespace-forming plate 5 Worl-Js out the material under it by an operationsimilar to the rolling operation already described; the lower edge ofthis plate may also curved, as shown. Stresses in the mass cause amovement which follows this path or surface of least resistance inpreference to developing deforming strains in the metal of the adjacenttypeblock.

In Fig. 13, which shows two adjacent types and a portion of a third,various relative distances, measured in the direction of the length ofthe blank, are set forth for the purpose of comparison. In this figurethe line 10 indicates the distance across the die cavity from face toface thereof, that is, the distance from the inner' face of the spaceforming plate to the inner face of the retaining wall; the line 11 thedistance from the outer face of this plate to the outer face of thewall; and the line 12 representing the distance from the inner face ofthe retaining Wall to the outer face of the plate by comparison withline 13, representing the distance from the inner face of the retainingWall to the farther face of the space which Wlll ultimately separate thetype-block from the next succeeding type-block surface, serves to showthe lapping or extension of the plate occurring during the type-formingoperation into the field of the next type. T his figure also serves toexhibit an impor tant practical advantage resulting from the existenceof a surface along which flowagc can. take place most readily. Thetypeblock D under the Working die D is represented as having its uppersurface above the I impression surface of the finished types at theside, the level of which latter represents the common level of the typesin a finished typebar, and in this position. the type-block is assumedto have been completely formed and to require no further formativeaction of the die, to finish its faces. This representation is typicalof actual conditions, since some types are completely formed nearer thetop of the blank than others and require to be moved bodily downward tobring them in line with types which are not finished. until the formingdie has reached a greater depth in the blank. In the absence of anyconvenient path for the movement of the material, as the die continuesto work and advance into the blank, the tendency is to disintegrate anddistort the completed type within the cavity of the die, and unless theresistance to flowage is reduced the mass in the die cavity will assumesome other he dien of the various blank toward 70 oe-block at the rear gaction. of t aetlo rial in the die cavlty cants for ing and rollin facesand the rolling g endwise of the shed into the'blank and the material issubjected t the the mate over, shlftln until those portions of thedie-cavity are endwise movement while the mass the spacenthis surtheblank,

1e pres- 80 move more As the r plate 5 under it in an action e-hlock.

letters upon such snaces be of uniproduced but preferably 9 uitable dieor dies lens of the edge of y of t l. Stresses 1n the aovement whichsurface '70 at the formed h yeedd and latera aa direction.

least resistance deforming strains 90 i or s aim may be the 00 ultimag-eie. her forming the 0 121 shown.

or surface of 0pm the ad acent ty manner ress which e mat or (391itt1011s11 cause a devel tween te ned b remove port 1e spa workin n in any otiaee nilar to t bed, the lower edg' fore, path to 19.1 o ees h miethe hor otherwise,

to overla l ter 1e spa f t fGII 1 gdie lace, the 1 the s out t he for]lengthwise bottom sure of rapldly t edge of t- Work 1' deseri mass,there follows tn mp1 fere 1 11 the in a type-bar form wld in any appropthey will operatir Q;

isiactory type. -stahce is reduced to a enee 1 surface which ion overwhich the face comparative downward to the adjacent fini without injureondition than that of sat lf.

I e face t to a Ii.-

allow to about also be curved as arch- 2 and 13) through the ul arrested111 the tar-e of the adptcent 1 die.

('5 igl rt n a convex aresented 1n I Vepth than the lieated in thelatter figure.

cially in the pro- ;pic for V1, it a e hetweeh succes- V and Wedgethere- 1. in earryine out the mat he lil-o1 ellof the reta1nreadyadvert- )resented as l. llov' U integral part he wolliii he die ul .spe

")ottom Ve recess as lie recess in iere re (see a in .nd termin ductionof a matrix for stereot rial *der t er ement h .ne cases, and

ation trated in the farmer type inr L5 In so is desirable that the splil built up from me recess tr 30 its 1110? .ype-hlec duration of motionthroughout the period consumed in forming the major portion of thetype-body or block, is an important aid in the production of a highquality of product with a minimum requirement as to time, precision ofmechanism, etc.

Having thus described my invention, 1 claim:

1. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars whichconsists in providing a space, and at the bottom of the space a preparedpath for the outward flowage of the material, and in working thematerial and subjecting the material to flowage, and compelling thematerial of flowage to move into said space and outward upon and alongsuch predetermined path.

2. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in providing a space, and at the bottom of the space a preparedpath for the outward flowage of the material, and in working thematerial, by the repeated movements of a single die, and subjecting thematerial to flowage, and compelling the material of flowage to move intosaid space and outward upon and along such predetermined path under thecontinued movement of the die.

3. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars whichconsists in providing a space, and at the bottom of the space a preparedpath for the outward flowage of the material, and in working thematerial and subjecting the material to flowage, and compelling thematerial of flowage to move into said space and outward upon and alongsuch predetermined path, and during the typeforming operation bringingmaterial over and in contact with the surface formed by such outwardflowage of material.

4. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in providing a space, and at the bottom of the space a preparedpath for the outward flowage of the material, and in working thematerial, by the repeated movements of a single die, and subjecting thematerial to flowage, and compelling the material of flowage to move intosaid space and outward upon and along such predetermined path under thecontinued movement of the die, and during the typeforming operationbringing material over and in contact with the surface formed by suchoutward flowage of material.

5. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists inshaping a portion of the edge of a typebar-blank into a type andshifting the position of such portion lengthwise of the blank.

6. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists insubjecting opposite sides of a portion of the edge of a typebar-blank toa forging operation; compressing the face of such blank in contact witha die; and shifting such portion lengthwise of the blank.

7. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists inshaping a portion of the edge of a typebar-blank into a type, andshifting such type lengthwise of the blank beyond the normal position ofsuch portion.

8. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists in shaing a portion of the edge of a typebar-blan into a type, andsimultaneously shifting such portion lengthwise of the blank.

9. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists incompressing a portion of the edge of a typebar-blank in contact with atype-die, and shifting such portion lengthwise of the blank.

10. That im rovement in the art of making typebars w iich consists inconfining endwise of a blank a portion of the edge thereof: compressingsuch confined portion in contact with a type-die; and shifting saidportion lengthwise of the blank.

11. That improvement in the art of mak ing typebars which consists inconfining lengthwise of a blank between two separated lines a portion ofthe edge of a blank in contact with a type-die, and shifting saidportion lengthwise of the blank between said lines.

12. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists insimultaneously compressing a portion of the edge of a blank in contactwith a type-die, and shifting the position of such portion lengthwise ofthe blank.

13. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists inrolling a portion of the edge of a typebar-blank in contact with atype-die, and shifting such portion lengthwise of the blank.

14. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists inrolling a portion of the edge of a typebar-blank crosswise of the blankwhile in contact with a type-die, and shifting such portion lengthwiseof the blank.

15. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists inshaping a portion of the edge of a blank into a type, and shifting suchportion rearward along the blank.

16. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists insubjecting portions of the edge of a typebar-blank to compression incontact with type-dies and thereby forming types and overlapping thesuccessive type-blocks.

17. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists insubjecting portions of the edge of a typebar-blank to compression incontact with type-dies, and thereby forming types and overlapping theblocks of said types during the formation thereof.

18. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists inrolling portions of the edge of a typebar-blank in contact withtype-dies and thereby forming types and overlapping the blocks of saidtypes during the formation thereof.

19. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists inrolling in contact with a type-die a portion oi the edge of atypebar-blank of less width than the die space and simultaneouslyspreading out such said portion lengthwise of the blank and filling thedie-space.

20. That improvement in the art of making a line of type which consistsin successively subjecting successive portions of the edge of the blankto a working to thereby form at each working a type and concurrentlywith each working cause the backward shifting of the forming type.

21. That improvement in tie art of making a line of type which consistsin successively subjecting successive portions of the edge of a blank toa working movement extending transversely to the line of length of theblank, to thereby form at each working a type and concurrently with eachworking cause the backward shifting of the forming type.

22. That improvement in the art of making a line of type which consistsin successively subjecting successive portions of the edge of a blank toa working movement eX- tending transversely to the line oi length of theblank and decreasing in amount as the type nears completion, to therebyform at each working a type and concurrently with each working cause thebackward shifting of the forming type.

23. That improvement in the art of making types and typobars, whichconsists in working by a cross ise to and fro action the material ateach of a successive series of positions and subjecting the same to anout-- ward flowage along and upon a prepared path of least resistance.

24. That improvement in the art of making types and typcbars, whichconsists in subjecting each type formative portion of the blank to acrosswise to and fro rolling, and working the material outward towardand upon low resistance path.

25. That improvement in the art of making typebars, which consists inworking a portion of the edge of the typebar blank by crosswise to andfro rolling and inducing fiowage upon and along a low resistance path ofthe material of the blank during said crosswise rolling.

26. That improvement in the art of naking typebars, which consists inconfining lengthwise of a blank between two separated lines and portionsof the edge of a blank in contact with a type die and by said dieshifting said portion lengthwise ot' the blank bQtWQC'D. said lines.

27. That improv mentin the art of making typebars, which consists insiaping a portion. of the edge of a blank into a type and by die shiftinsuch portion rearward along the blank.

28. That improvement in the (l-Yo of making typebars which consists insubjecting successive portions of the edge of a typebar blank tocompression. in contact with a suitable type die, thereby forming types,and overlapping the successive type blanks.

29. That improvement in the art of making a typebar which consists insuccessively subjecting successive portions of the edge of a blank to aworking in conjunction with a suitable type diethcreby forming type ateach of t e successive stations, and overlapping such type with anadjacent type block.

30. T hat improvement in the art of mak ing typebars which consists inform ig type upon a blank and concurrently shifting the same over a newbase on said blank.

31. That improvement in the typographic art which consists in confiningendwise of a blank a portion of the edge thereof, applying a die to suchconfined portion and thereby shitting the same upon a blank.

32. That improvement in the art of mak ing typebars which consists inshaping a portion of the edge of a blank into a type and shifting suchportion along the blank to a new position thereon.

33. That improvement in the art of ma;- .g typebars which consists inrolling a portion of the edge of a typebar blank while in contactwith atype die and shifting such portion in a direction transverse to theplane of rolling.

34. That improvement in the art of mai ing types and typebars whichconsists in working by a crosswise to and fro a1 tion the material ateach of a successive series of positions andv subjecting the same to anoutward '[lowage upon and along a path of least resistance prepared foreach position.

35. That improvement in the art of making a line of type which consistsin forming the t pes in su sion on the edge of a blank, and in shi .ingthe material of each forming type rearwardly of the blank.

36. That inprovenient in the art of making typebars which consists informing types on the edge oi the typebar blank and shiftingsin'iultaneously with the forming of each type the stock thereofrearwardly of the blank a unil'o T111 distance.

37. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting the material to flowage longitudinally to form anextension of the type and laterally to work the material outward along apredetermined path.

m 0 but) blank 38. That improvement in the art of making types andtypebars which consists in subjecting material to fiowage longitudinallyto form an extension of the type and laterally to work material outwardby a rolling operation along a predetermined path.

39. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting material to flowage longitudinally to form anextension of the type and laterally to work material outward by aforging, swaging, and rolling operation along a predetermined path.

40. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting material to flowage longitudinally to form anextension of the type and laterally to work material outward by aforging and rolling operation along a predetermined path.

41. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting material to flowage longitudinally to form anextension of the type and laterally to work material outward along apredetermined path and in the type forming operation bringing materialover and in contact with a surface formed by such outward flowage ofmaterial.

42. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting material to flowage longitudinally to form anextension of the type and laterally to work material outward by arolling operation along a predetermined path and in the type formingoperation bringing material over and in contact with a surface formed bysuch outward flowage of material.

43. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting material to fiowage longitudinally to form anextension of the type and laterally to work material outward by aforging and rolling operation along a predetermined path and in the typeforming operation bringing material over and in contact with a surfaceformed by such outward flowage of material.

44. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting material to flowage longitudinally to form anextension of the type and laterally to work material outward by aforging, swaging, and rolling operation along a predetermined path andin the type forming operation bringing material over and in contact witha surface formed by such outward flowage of material.

45. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in shaping a portion of the edge of a typebarinto a type havingan integral extension, and shifting the position of such portionlengthwise of the blank.

46. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting opposite sides of a portion of a typebar-blank toa forging operation, compressing the face of such blank in contact witha die and a retaining wall having a depression, and shifting suchportion lengthwise of the blank to form an extension of the type.

47. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in shaping a portion of the edge of a typebarblank into a typehaving an integral extension and shifting such type and extensionlengthwise of the blank beyond the normal position of such portion.

48. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in shaping a portion of the edge of a typebarblank into a typehaving an integral extension and simultaneously shifting such type andextension. lengthwise of the blank beyond the normal position of suchportion.

49. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in compressing a portion of the edge of a typebar-blank incontact with a type-die, and a retaining wall having a depression, andshifting such portion lengthwise of the blank.

50. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in confining endwise of a blank a portion of the edge thereof,compressing such confined portion in contact with a type-die andretaining wall having a depression and shifting said portion lengthwiseof the blank.

51. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in confining endwise of a blank between two separated lines aportion of the edge thereof, compressing such confined portion incontact with a type-die and a retaining wall having a depression andshifting said portion lengthwise of the blank.

52. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in simultaneously compressing a portion of the edge of a blankin contact with a type-die and a retaining wall having a depression andshifting the position of such portion lengthwise of the blank.

53. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in rolling a portion of the edge of a typebar blank in contactwith a type-die and retaining wall having a depression, and shiftingsuch portion lengthwise of the blank.

54. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in rolling a portion 0' the edge of the typebarblank crosswiseof the blank while in contact with a type-die and a retaining wallhaving a depression, and shifting such portion lengthwise of the blank.

55. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in shaping a portion of the edge of a blank into a type havingan integral extension and shifting such portion rearward along theblank.

56. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting portions of the edge of a typebarblank tocompression in contact with typedies having side walls provided withdepressions and thereby forming types and overlapping the successivetype-blocks.

57. 'lhat improvementin the art of male ing' types and ty ebars whichconsists in subjecting portions of the edge of a typebarblank tocompression in contact with typedies having side walls provided withdepressions and thereby forming types and overlapping the successivetype-blocks, during the iormation thereof.

58. I'hat improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in rolling portions oi the ed of a typebar-blank in contactwith type-dies having side Walls, provided with depressions, and therebyforming types with integral extensions and overlapping the blocks andextensions during the formation thereof.

T hat in'iprovement in the art of makin; types and typeba'rs whichconsists in rolling in contact with a type-die a portion of the edge ofa typebar-blank of less Width than the die space and simultaneouslyspreading out said portion lengthwise of the blank and filling the diespace and a space lfiltf'vv'flld oi the die to form t 'pe having: anextension.

60. That improvement in the art of making types and tyi ielJars whichconsists in compressing a portion of the edge of typebarblank in contactwith a combined type and space-forming die having an extension-tormingdepression and thereby forming a tyoe and a space and an integraltype-block ex tension.

61.. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in compressing a portion of the edge oi a typebarblank incontact with a die having a typeforming member and an extension-formingmember to the rear thereoi and space-torming memoer disposed in advancethereof and thereby forming a type and an integral ex tension thereofand a space.

62. T hat improvement in the art of making types and cbars whichconsists in compressing a port n of the edge of a typebarblank incontact with a die, having; a typet'orming member and space-forming;members at the opposite sides thereof, one of said members having adepression and thereby "forming a type and spaces at the sides or thetype and an integral extension to the of the type-block.

63. T hat improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in first forming on the edge of a typebar-blank a type and aspace in advance thereof and then forming a second type in advance ofsuch space and partially filling the latter to form a type-bloek and anintegral extension ol the block.

6%. That im novement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in first forming on the edge of a typebar-blank a type and aspace in advance thereof and then subjecting a succeeding portion of theedge of such blank to the compress-ins; action oi a combined type andspace-for 1mg die and spreading out the stock rearward of the blank andpartially filling: the previous formed space and thereby iorming' inadvance of the first type-block, a second typeblock having an integralextension extending to and contacting with the type-block of the firstiorme-zl type.

65. That improvement in the art of making a line of type, which consistsin successively subjecting successive portions of the edge of a blank toa Working to thereby form at each Working a type having an integralextension located in the space between the type so formed and theimmediately adjacent previously formed type.

66. That improvement in the art of making a line of type, which consistsin successively subjecting successive portions of the edge of a blank tothe operation of individual type dies each having at one side aspacetorming die and at the other side a retaining Wall adapted tocontrol the form or the space between the adjacent types.

That improvement in the art of making types and typebars, which consistsin subjecting the material to longitudinal flowage to form a rearwardlongitudinal extension of the type for engaging the preceding type, andto lateral flow-age to Work the material transversely outward.

68. That improvement in the art of mak ing types and typebars, Whichconsists in subjecting the material to longitudinal flowage to form alongitudinal extension of the type and to lateral ilowage to induce thematerial to move laterally outward upon and along a preformed path.

69. that improvement in the art of making types and typebars, whichconsists in shaping a portion into type having an integral extension andshifting such portion rearwardly along the said blank and forging itinto position.

70. hat improvement in the art of making types and typebars, whichconsists in shaping each type with an integral longitudinal extensionand shifting such portion rear- Wardly longitudinally along the saidblank to its final position thereon.

71. T hat iniorovement in the art of making types and typebars, whichconsists in pro.- ducing a llovvage path for excess material and thensubjecting the material to longitudinal fiowage to form a longitudinalextension of the type and to lateral flowa e to induce the material tomove latera y outwardly along the said preformed path.

72. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in first forming on the edge of a typebar-blank a type and aspace in advance thereof and then forming a second type in advance ofsuch space and concurrently forming a spacer in said space and betweensaid first and second types.

73. That improvement in the art of making types which consists insubjecting a type forming mass of metal to a working action within aconfined space and permitting the lateral escape of some of the metalfrom the mass being worked upon through one of said confining walls, andprolonging the eriod of activity in the mass of metal worke u on.

74. That improvement in the art of making ypes and typebars whichconsists in shaping each ty e by a series of working movements and uringsuch shaping confining the metal of the ortion being acted upon fromescape longitudinally of the bar except at one portion, and permittingrearward escape, thereby prolongin the activity of the mass of metalwhich is being worked upon, and concurrently shifting said mass of metalrearwardly and in the direction of the rearward escape of the metal.

75. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in shaping each type with an integral longitudinal extensionand shifting such portion longitudinally along said blank in thedirection of said extension and to its final position.

76. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in shaping each type with an integral rearward extension, andshifting such type rearwardly along the blank to its final positionthereon.

77. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting type forming material to fiowage longitudina ly,forming an extension to the type by the material worked outward upon andalong a predetermined path.

78. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subjecting the material to a working action and causingflowage thereof longitudinally, forming an extension from the type ofsuch flowage upon and along a predetermined path.

79. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in subj ecting type forming material to outward fiowage uponand along a predetermined patlnand forming an extension of the type romsuch flowage.

80. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars whichconsists in serially forming a number of types and concurrently with theformation of each type forming a spacer portion between such type andthe previously formed adjacent ty es.

81. That improvement in the art 0 making types and typebars whichconsists in shaping a portion into a type, forming an integral extensionand shifting such portion rearwardly along the blank and into position.

82. That improvement in the art of making typebars which consists inserially forming a number of type heads on a body portion, and forming aspace portion integral with each type head and above and upon the bodyportion for spacing such type head from an ad acent type head.

Signed at my office, Nos. 9-15 street, New York, N. February, 1907.

FRANCIS H. RICHARDS.

Witnesses:

JOHN O. SEIFERT, FRED. J. DOLE.

Murray Y. this 11th day of

